Gemstones A-Z

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Resembling cross sections of psychedelic tree trunks, Agate is one of nature's most vibrant and creative designs.

Mostly formed in cavities of ancient lavas or other extrusive igneous rocks, Agate is a variety of chalcedony, formed from layers of quartz which follow the cavities outline; hence its uniquely banded appearance.

A popular choice for jewellery due to its varied appearance and relative hardness, agate ranges from transparent to opaque.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

It has been worked since prehistoric times, and was among the first lapidary materials.

Mentioned several times in the bible, it has been used in jewellery since Biblical Babylonian times, where it was thought to ward off storms and was a prized gem. It was also highly valued as a talisman or amulet and was said to quench thirst and protect against fever.

LEGEND HAS IT

Agates with banded colours are said to bring about rich and varied dreams if placed under your pillow at night.

Considered a protection stone, it is believed to attract strength and offer protection from bad dreams, stress and the draining of energy.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Brazil
• Botswana
• South Africa
• Mexico
• Egypt
• Scotland

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• White
• Yellow
• Grey
• Blue

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

One of the rarest and most expensive gemstones, the chrysoberyl Alexandrite is second in hardness to only ruby, sapphire and diamond.

Known for its dramatic colour change from brilliant green in daylight to cherry-red under candle light; this effect is not unique to Alexandrite, but it is dependent on pure light sources for example sunlight to candlelight.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Legend has it, that in 1834, the gemstone was discovered on the day the future tsar Alexander II came of age; whether myth or not, this enchanting gemstone was named in honour of him. Due to its patriotic change in colour from red to green, the principal colours of old Imperial Russia, it became the national stone of tsarist Russia.

In Russia, owing to its two colours, it is believed bad luck to only wear one piece of alexandrite jewellery.

LEGEND HAS IT

Reputed to aid creativity and inspire the imagination, the gemstone is considered a stone of very good omen.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Russia
• Brazil
• Sri Lanka
• Tanzania

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Green
• Red
• Blue

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

'The Prosperity Stone' - it is believed that when hung over a doorway, amazonite can bring prosperity to new businesses.

Also known as Amazonstone, this opaque blue-green stone is a member of the feldspar group of minerals. Considered hard enough to wear every day, some care should always be taken with exposed gemstones in rings.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

It is thought to be named after the Amazon River in Brazil, although this seems a slightly spurious link as there have never been any deposits found there... and mineralogists believe that there is no green feldspar in that area, although there are deposits elsewhere in Brazil.

LEGEND HAS IT

Thought to calm one's emotions and nerves, and empower the wearer with courage and the ability to express themselves, it can enhance ones creativity and communications concerning love.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Russia
• Brazil
• Australia
• Canada
• India
• Madagascar
• Africa
• North America

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

Pastel Blue-Green

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

A treasure that has survived from pre-historic times, amber's most magical quality is its ability to preserve physical evidence from the past, showing us that there was life before man, and undermining some long held beliefs that we were the first form of life.

The word 'electricity' is derived from the Greek name for amber, electrum, as amber can acquire an electric charge when rubbed – a property described in about 600BC by Thales.

'The Amber Room' in Catherine the Great's palace in Russia has been described as the eighth great wonder of the world. The intricately carved panels that lined the room, mysteriously disappeared during the Second World War.

A small amount of amber is still washed up every year on eastern English beaches.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

A fossilised resin, principally from extinct coniferous trees, there are examples from the Baltic coast that are tested to be over forty million years old.

Research indicates that Amber ranges from about 2 million to 360 million years in age although most gem quality Amber ranges from 5 million to 50 million years.

Widely traded since ancient times, a carved amber cup was discovered at a Bronze Age burial site in Britain, and there is evidence in ancient tombs and caves all over Europe, North Africa and the Middle East that Baltic amber travelled far and wide.

LEGEND HAS IT

Said to represent the dividing line between individual and cosmic energy, the individual soul and the universal soul; it was believed to offer a magical light for the deceased as they progressed through the underworld.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

Largely from the Baltic Coast

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• White
• Yellow
• Orange
• Red
• Brown
• Blue
• Black

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

The name is said to derive from the Greek wordamethystos, which loosely translates as 'not drunken', which in turn is believed to originate from the Greek legend of Dionysus, the god of wine and mischief.

It was believed that wearing Amethyst would prevent you from suffering the adverse effects of excessive alcohol consumption - so, in order to prevent intoxication, drinks were often taken from Amethyst-encrusted goblets.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

In the ancient civilisations of Mesopotamia, amethyst was highly valued and used to create seals. In the early Christian church, amethyst was believed to have sobering properties, and was adopted as a symbol of the high spiritual state its bishops must attain – today the highest grade of amethyst is referred to as 'Bishops Grade'.

The Chaldean Magi believed the purple gemstone protected against evil sorcery and brought success and good luck, believing it granted an understanding of hidden knowledge.

Traditionally associated with purity and piety, amethyst has long been favoured by royalty as purple is considered a regal hue.

LEGEND HAS IT

Amethyst works emotionally and spiritually by providing patience, balance, calmness, and peace.

Considered a protection stone, it is believed to attract strength and offer protection from bad dreams, stress and the draining of energy.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Brazil
• Russia
• Canada
• Sri Lanka
• India
• USA

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Purple
• Lilac
• Mauve

ANNIVERSARY STONES

3rd Anniversary

BIRTHSTONES

February

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Derived from the Greek apate, meaning 'deceit', it bears an uncanny similarity - and was often mistaken for - crystals such as aquamarine, amethyst and peridot.

Apatite is an important source of phosphorous, a chemical used in matches.

Apatite appears in a range of colours and like most other minerals the colour depends on the additional minerals found where the gemstone grows.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Spanish apatite is often referred to as 'asparagus stone', due to its yellowish green colour.

Beautiful blue stones are found in the Mogok Stone Tract of Myanmar and in the gem gravels of Sri Lanka, some of which have a fibrous structure and, when cut en cabochon in the correct direction, display a 'cat's eye' effect.

LEGEND HAS IT

Thought to ease hypertension and decrease ones hunger, or appetite, it is also thought to help when you are having difficulty letting go of someone or something that is no longer good for you.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• USA
• Russia
• Namibia
• Mexico

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Blue
• Violet
• Green
• Yellow

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Its name is derived from the Latin words, aqua meaning 'water', and mare meaning 'sea', and was considered sacred to the sea god Neptune.

Famous for its Aquamarine, Mount Antero, in the Rocky Mountains Colorado, is just over 4,250m and is the highest gemstone locality in North America – because of its height it is accessible to collectors for only a few months of the year.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

It is documented that around 500-300BC, Greek sailors wore aquamarine amulets engraved with Poseidon, to protect them at sea.

The best of the gem quality aquamarine is found in pegmatites and alluvial deposits of granite in Brazil – known locally as cascalho.

LEGEND HAS IT

Is said to have a soothing effect on married couples, helping husbands and wives work out their differences and ensure a long and happy marriage.

It can replace anger and negativity with mental peace and clarity, providing the wearer with emotional and mental balance. For these reasons it is said to be an effective treatment for anxiety.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Brazil
• Russia
• Afganistan
• India
• Pakistan
• Madagascar

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Pale Blue
• Deep Blue

ANNIVERSARY STONES

5th Anniversary

BIRTHSTONES

March

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

It is believed to be the first gemstone that was man-made before its natural counterpart was discovered.

One of the most impressive examples of cut aventurine is an obelisk carved by Helmut Wolf, a famous carver from the village of Kirschweiler near Idar-Oberstein. It stands 5 1/2 feet high and weighs 2.5 tons.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Ancient Tibetan legend claims the stone can improve near sightedness.

Dating back to the 18th century, the name is derived from the Italian word a ventura meaning 'by chance', when an Italian glass-maker accidentally came across the discovery of this stone when unknowingly dropping copper filings into some molten glass, creating the glass Goldstone.

There are records from the 18th century that show aventurine was being imported to the German gemstone center of Idar-Oberstein.

LEGEND HAS IT

Known as the Gambler's Stone, it is thought to bring the wearer increased chance, opportunity, and good luck.

Aventurine gives the wearer inner equilibrium and can stimulate dreaming. It is said to have a positive effect on the psyche, strengthening an individual's sense of self, being the ideal stone for those who are looking for a positive view of life.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Russia
• India
• Brazil
• USA
• Japan
• Tanzania

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

Various

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Occasionally called cornelian, carnelian is a blood-red to reddish orange variety of chalcedony. The colour is due to iron-oxide being present. It can be uniformly coloured or banded, with the strongly banded known as carnelian agate.

There is some dispute as to whether the name carnelian is derived from a Latin word meaning 'flesh', or a Latin word meaning "cherry"... but in either case, they allude to the colour that this rich gemstone exhibits.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

It is written in the Egyptian Book of the Dead, that the gemstone should be placed in tombs as 'magic armour' for life after death.

While it was once thought to still the blood and calm the temper, it was also said to give the owner courage in battle and help timid speakers be eloquent.

LEGEND HAS IT

Carnelian is said to assist in stimulating creativity, dispelling negative energies and replacing them with positive ones. It can make it easier to find direction, and its grounding effects can make it easier for you to feel in control of your life.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• India
• USA
• Brazil
• Scotland

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Blood-red
• Reddish-orange

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

White when pure, many chalcedony contain trace elements or microscopic inclusions of other minerals, lending it a variety of colours, many of which have other names: agate, bloodstone, carnelian, chrysoprase, fire agate, heliotrope, jasper, onyx, sard, and sardonyx.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Its name may derive from the ancient port of Khalkedon in Asia Minor (now Turkey), where there were deposits.

Owing to the huge number of varieties available, it was used in some of the earliest primitive tools and examples of jewellery.

LEGEND HAS IT

Believed to promote charity and improve relationships, as well as negate feelings of hostility, negativity and irritability; chalcedonies are also credited with having the ability to promote emotional balance and to improve the wearer's vitality and stamina.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

World over

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Grey through blue and green
• Yellow, orange, red

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

A translucent apple-green variety of chalcedony, chrysoprase's colour is derived from a presence of nickel. Prase, a leek-green chalcedony, has a more sombre hue and is much rarer.

Some of the most valuable specimens come from Australia, hence chrysoprase can be known as 'Australian Jade'.

Keep this stone on your desk or in your work area for inspiration and innovative ideas.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Used for ornamentation since prehistoric times, in ancient times it was reputed to strengthen the eyesight and relieve internal pain.

The name is derived from the Greek chrysos andprase, meaning 'golden leek'. Chrysoprase was incredibly popular in the Victorian era, when the stones were often cut as low cabochons with a narrow rim of facets around the edge.

In the 1800s thieves believed that placing chrysoprase in their mouth would render them invisible.

LEGEND HAS IT

Believed to be a calming stone that helps those who wear it work through their problems, and achieve success in new ventures.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Australia
• Austria
• Brazil
• Poland
• Russia
• United States

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

Apple Green

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

In antiquity, it was believed to be the gemstone of happiness and used as a protective talisman against evil thoughts.

Offering gemstone lovers a colourful journey through the full colour spectrum, quartz is perfect for every day wear. A yellow or golden variety, citrine gets its colour due to a presence of iron.

Citrine crystals can form together with amethyst or smoky quartz to form a bi-coloured quartz called ametrine.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

The name derives from the French citron, which means lemon, this beautiful gemstone was first used in jewellery in Greece during the Hellenistic period (end of the 4th to the end of the 1st century BC).

Among its many historic medicinal uses, it was believed to aid digestion, remove toxins from the body (Citrine was once commonly used as a charm against snakebites and other venomous reptiles) provide protection against the plague and bad skin, and to be useful in the treatment of depression, constipation and diabetes.

LEGEND HAS IT

Crystal healers believe citrine promotes creativity, helps personal clarity and will eliminate self-destructive tendencies.

It attracts abundance and is known as 'a merchant's stone' to be placed in a cash register or where one conducts business, to not only acquire positive wealth but to maintain it as well.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Brazil
• Africa
• Russia
• France
• Madagascar
• Uruguay

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Yellow
• Yellow-brown

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Once thought to be a plant, coral has been called the 'garden of the sea'.

Made up of the skeletal remains of marine animals called coral polyps, Coral has a dull lustre when first recovered, and while it can take a bright polish it can become dull and fade with constant wear.

Associated with the protection of children, coral is often given to small children by their parents.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

According to Greek mythology, coral comes from the blood shed when Perseus cut off the head of Medusa. The Greeks and Romans believed it protected against the evil eye as well as stopping blood flow.

A favourite of Chinese carvers for at least two millennia, examples have also been unearthed across ancient Mesopotamian tombs, land-locked Tibet and Mesoamerica; archaeological sites in Western Europe have uncovered decorated shields and helmets from the Iron Age.

LEGEND HAS IT

Thought to relieve tension and fear, and promote positive forms of social life, the colour symbolises joy and happiness.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

Warm waters around the world

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Red
• Pink
• Black
• Blue
• Golden

ANNIVERSARY STONES

35th Anniversary

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

A reference to its superior hardness, its name is from the Greek adamas, which means 'I take' or 'I subdue'. The Greeks believed that diamonds were splinters of stars fallen to the earth, and that they endowed the wearer with purity, love and joy.

Traditionally the emblem of fearlessness, it is also symbolic of love. The hardest natural substance, it has a crystalline carbon akin in chemistry to graphite which, paradoxically, is one of the softest minerals known to man.

Most diamonds come from two rare kinds of volcanic rock, although the gemstones are much older than their host rock. Traces of diamond with unusual crystalline structure have been discovered in the hearts of extra-terrestrial meteorites that have fallen to earth.

The word 'carat' is thought to be derived from the Carab Bean - an ancient unit of weight, and diamonds are graded by the 4C's.

The reason an engagement ring is worn on the third finger of the left hand dates back to the early Egyptian belief that the vein of love (vena amoris) ran directly from the heart to the top of the third finger, left hand.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

India was the earliest source of diamonds, possibly being mined there as early as 800BC, with world production shifting to Brazil after the Spanish Conquest. Synthetic diamonds have been produced commercially since 1960.

Through technology we have been able to approximate the age of the Cullinan, one of the world's biggest diamonds, at between 1.6 to 1.7 billion years old. The largest diamond ever found weighed 3106 carats.

LEGEND HAS IT

Diamond is said to enhance all the energies in the body, mind and spirit, thus helping with alignment with the Higher Self.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Brazil
• Africa
• Australia
• Russia
• Canada

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Colourless
• White
• Black
• Yellow
• Pink
• Red
• Blue
• Brown

ANNIVERSARY STONES

60th Anniversary

BIRTHSTONES

April

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Emerald is the grass-green variety of the mineral beryl – other varieties include aquamarine, morganite, goshenite and heliodor.

The name originates from the Greek word maragdos, which was given to several other green stones. The emerald green colour results from presence of chromium and vanadium. To the Egyptians, emerald was a symbol of fertility and life, while the Aztecs called them quetzalitzli after a bird of paradise and a symbol of seasonal renewal.

The 'Emerald Cut' (used for many gemstones) is a step cut that has had the corners removed. This cut produces the optimum size of gem from well-formed crystals and, as Emerald is a brittle stone, reduces the risk of damage during setting and wearing.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Emeralds were being mined as early as 1300BC in Egypt, in mines later to be known as 'Cleopatra's Mines' and which can still be found on either side of Mount Smaragdus, but it wasn't until after the discovery of the New World that they arrived in quantity in Europe.

It has been recorded that the Emperor Nero watched the gladiator games through flat emerald crystals, the first recorded example of sunglasses.

LEGEND HAS IT

Steeped in superstition and lore, emeralds symbolise immortality and faith, although their changing colour was said to reveal the inconsistency of lovers.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Columbia
• India
• Sri Lanka
• Australia
• Brazil
• Egypt

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

Grass-green

BIRTHSTONES

May

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Garnet is widely known as a deep red gemstone, however its impact on fine jewellery is rarely known.

From the Latin granatium which means pomegranate, garnet is available in a myriad of colours and varieties, except blue. Notable garnets include: Almandine (red to purplish red), Pyrope (orange red, crimson, or dark red), Rhodolite (purplish red), Spessartite (Autumnal reds, oranges and browns), Demantoid (rich green) and Tsavorite (fine green) Garnet.

Garnet crystals can grow to enormous sizes – in 1996, a single crystal weighing 37.5 tons was found near Alice Springs, Northern Territory of Australia.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

From the Latin granatium which means pomegranate.

As with many gemstone names, those in the garnet family evolved from Greek taxonomy. The suffix -ite at the end of gem names such as tsavorite is derived from the Greek litho, meaning stone.

Famous for its prominent use in Victorian jewellery, where it was fashioned as 'roses', or cut in a dome-shaped form known as 'carbuncles'.

LEGEND HAS IT

Garnet is thought to be a stone of love and passion, awakening creativity, positive energy, and self-confidence.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Russia
• Brazil
• Sri Lanka
• Tanzania

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

All colours except blue

ANNIVERSARY STONES

20th Anniversary

BIRTHSTONES

January

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

From the Greek haimatitis, meaning blood-red, the metallic grey iron oxide owes its name to the red colour of the powdered mineral, which resembles dried blood.

Found in various states of compactness, from a soft, red paint ore, which was used by early American Indians to adorn their faces before battle and continues to be used today as a pigment, to the most compact form of the mineral, which is cut for jewellery.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

The bones of Neolithic burials have been found smeared with powdered hematite, and there are burials found in China dating back to the 10th millennium BC scattered with the gemstone.

The height of hematite's popularity in jewellery was in Europe during the Victorian era. It has also seen a strong resurgence in North America. Due to it delicate nature, the mineral is found only in precious jewellery.

LEGEND HAS IT

Hematite has been worn to protect its wearer from bleeding, and is thought to protect against unionized radiation, and therefore a good stone to wear when working around computers.

Crystal healers use hematite for any disorder of the blood, as well as for leg cramps and insomnia.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• United States
• Ukraine
• China
• India
• Australia
• Scotland

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Steel-grey
• Red
• Brown

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

A blue-violet gemstone whose name comes from the Greek ios, meaning violet, and lithos, meaning 'stone'. Sometimes referred to as 'Water Sapphire', the scientific name of this beautiful gemstone is Cordierite, in honour of the French geologist Pierre L.A. Cordier.

Iolite exhibits strong pleochroism, showing different colours when viewed from different angles – it can appear colourless when viewed across the crystal while the best blue is seen down the length of the crystal.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Iolite has an important place in history as the Norse explorer Leif Ericson and his Viking adventurers used thin pieces of the gemstone as the world's first polarizing filter. Due to its strong pleochroism they were able to use iolite as a lens, resulting in them determining the exact position of the sun, and ultimately navigate their path to safety.

LEGEND HAS IT

It is believed to assist in detoxifying the body, and crystal healers are known to use iolite to help treat addictions.

Iolite is also thought to enhance curiosity and help in building relationships, while aiding spiritual insight, and helping one view an issue from both sides clearly.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Sri Lanka
• Myanmar
• India
• Canada
• Madagascar
• Africa

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Blue
• Blue-green
• Blue-violet

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Thank God they're only after the gold and silver – they don't know about jade." The Aztec Emperor Moctezuma.

There are two different minerals that are usually called jade – jadeite and nephrite. A distinguishing difference is that jadeite often has a sugary texture and appears in numerous colours, whereas nephrite has a silky appearance and is available in a limited palette. It was in 1863 that the two stones were recognized separately.

Pure jadeite is white, green varieties are coloured by iron, lilac by manganese and iron, pink, brown, red, blue, black, orange and yellow are coloured by inclusions of other minerals. Emerald green jadeite, coloured by chromium is called imperial jade.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

3,000 years ago the Mesoamericans were carving the precious stone.

Until the 16th century, most of the European jade was nephrite; until the Spanish returned from Mexico with the Aztec's prized green stone, they thought it one and the same.

The Indians of Mexico, Central and South America held Jadeite in the same regard as the Chinese did Nephrite, and revere it is a symbol of water and plant life.

Known to the Indians as chalchihuitil, it was more precious than gold.

LEGEND HAS IT

Jade is a stone of the heart, and as such is related to the 4th, or Heart Chakra.

The Aztecs believed that the stone cured internal ailments, especially those of the liver, spleen and kidneys.

In ancient Egypt, jade was admired as the stone of love, inner peace, harmony and balance.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Myanmar
• Guatemala
• Italy
• Russia
• United States

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• White
• Green
• Lilac
• Pink
• Brown
• Orange
• Yellow
• Red
• Blue
• Black

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

This delicately coloured gemstone shows strong pleochroism, pink when viewed from above and colourless when viewed from the side. The gemstones are therefore cut with great care.

Gem quality pink to lavender spodumene is called kunzite, and is spodumeme coloured by manganese. One of the largest single crystals of any mineral ever found was a spodumeme from South Dakota; it weighed 90 tonnes and was 14.3 metres long.

The largest faceted Kunzite is an 880 Carat stone, which is currently on display at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington D.C.

Sensitive to light, it may fade if exposed to excessive heat or sunlight.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Named after G.F Kunz, the American gemmologist who first described it in detail in 1902.

A relatively young gemstone, Spodumene was discovered in Brazil in 1877, and in 1879 kunzite was recognised as being the same mineral.

LEGEND HAS IT

It is believed to help one understand and interact with others, and to enhance the wearers capacity for devotion. It is also said to be a strong stress reliever, providing liberation from anger, worry and anxiety.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Afghanistan
• Madagascar
• Myanmar
• United States
• Canada
• Russia
• Mexico

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Pink
• Lilac

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Named from the greek kyanos 'dark blue', the most beautiful kyanite is an intense corn-flower blue.

The gemstone used to be called disthene, meaning 'two strengths', referring to its characteristic of variable hardness.

Pulverized kyanite crystals are used in the manufacture of spark plugs and other heat resistant ceramics.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Kyanite gems of fine colour and transparency are rare, and since the relatively low hardness and well developed cleavage make it comparatively easy to damage, its use as a gemstone is generally limited to earrings, brooches and pendants.

LEGEND HAS IT

Said to be one of the best gemstones for use as an attunement stone, Kyanite is known to induce tranquillity and calm, as well as enhancing communication and psychic awareness.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Brazil
• Kenya
• Mozanbique
• Norway
• Switzerland
• USA

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Pale to dark blue
• White
• Grey
• Green

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

According to Eskimo lore, the Northern Lights used to be trapped in the rocks along the coast of Labrador. A wandering Eskimo is said to have released most of them into the night's sky with a blow from his spear. The lights that remained trapped in the rocks are called Labradorite.

The 'schiller effect' or labradorescence, which it is commonly characterised by, is a rich play of iridescent colours caused by a scattering of light from thin layers within the gemstones formation.

Part of the feldspar group, this fascinating and beautiful mineral's charm can be easily overlooked if not viewed from the correct position.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Pieces of the gemstone were found amongst the artefacts of the Red Painted People of Maine, a culture which flourished from around 3000BC to 1000BC.

Labradorite takes its name from the Labrador Peninsula in Canada, where it was first discovered by Europeans in the 1770s.

LEGEND HAS IT

It is said to have a calming and harmonizing effect, improving intuition and helping it's wearer to clarify their views and objectives.

Thought to bring out the best in the wearer, it is sometimes known as the Self-Esteem Stone, subtly affecting the way you respond to situations, emotionally and physically.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Labrador
• Canada
• Madagascar
• Finland
• Norway

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Blue
• Grey
• White

ANNIVERSARY STONES

1st Anniversary

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Called the 'stone of rulers,' in ancient kingdoms like Sumer and Egypt, lapis was forbidden to commoners, and worn only by royalty.

Made up of several different minerals, examples vary from greenish-blue to purple blue, but it is the intensely dark blue with patches of white calcite and flickering pyrite that are deemed the best quality.

Its name came in to use in Europe during the middle ages, and originates from the Persian wordlazhuward meaning 'blue', the Arabic wordlazaward, meaning 'heaven' or 'sky', and the Latinlapis meaning 'stone'.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Used for millennia by the Egyptians, there are examples of scarabs, pendants and beads that date back from around 3100BC, and a stunning example in Tutankhamun's mask.

Powdered lapis was used as cosmetics, pigment and medicine; as a pigment, it was used until 1834 when it became possible to manufacture the colour (known as 'ultramarine' meaning "from beyond the seas") artificially.

It was considered very rare until large numbers were found in the Badakhshan mines in Afghanistan, in the 1990s.

Much like lapis mining in Afghanistan, the lapis mines in the Chilean Andes are at an altitude of up to 14,000 feet and can only be worked during the summer months due to the extreme weather and altitude conditions.

LEGEND HAS IT

It was an ancient belief that it protected the wearer from the evil eye – possibly as it resembles the night's sky, where it was believed God resided.

To Buddhists of antiquity it brought peace of mind and equanimity, and dispelled evil thoughts, and as such it was a popular choice for Buddha carvings.

Lapis lazuli is thought to enhance one's awareness, insight and intellect. It is said to impart ancient knowledge and wisdom to its bearer, the knowledge bringing with it peacefulness, objectivity and self-acceptance.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Afghanistan
• Argentina
• Canada
• Chile
• Italy
• Mongolia

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

Deep blue

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Its name comes from the Greek for 'mallow', in reference to its leaf green colour.

Headdresses of pharaohs were often lined with malachite, as this was said to raise the ruler's vibrations to a higher level and open him to wise council.

With its swirling concentric eye-like rings resembling a 'peacock eye,' malachite was often used as a protection against the "evil eye," and was used in the fight against sorcery and black magic in the Middle Ages.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

One of the most important minerals in mankind's history – around 4000BC it was discovered that heating malachite reduced it to native copper, and it was from here that the search for metallic ores began, and in turn the first real industry of the ancient world.

The oldest malachite decoration on record is estimated to be 10,500 years old. It was uncovered by archeologists in the Shanidar Valley, Iraq, a site of early Neanderthal culture.

As well as jewellery, the Greeks used malachite architecturally. Pliny recorded that one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World - the famous Temple of Diana (Artemis) in Ephesus - built around 560BC, was decorated with malachite.

LEGEND HAS IT

Malachite symbolizes understanding of oneself and of others, which is why it is in an ideal meditation stone.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Democratic Republic of Congo
• Russia

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

Green

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

The largest of the gemstone families, quartz comes in a myriad of colours, shapes and sizes, a characteristic we think makes it perfect for jewellery.

Colourless and transparent quartz is the purest form of quartz. The spectrum of other colours arises when little amounts of impurities are added.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

The name quartz comes from the greek krustallos, meaning ice, because it was thought that quartz was ice formed by the gods.

Since the middle ages, crystal balls made from rock crystal have been used to predict the future.

LEGEND HAS IT

Quartz is thought to support conscious awakening, and enhance natural Extrasensory perception. It cleanses, detoxifies, protects, energizes and channels clear vibrant light and energy.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

World over

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Red (Carnelian)
• Pink (Rose)
• Yellow (Citrine)
• Green(Aventurine)
• Purple (Amethyst)
• Brown (Smoky)
• Clear (Rock Crystal)

ANNIVERSARY STONES

10th Anniversary

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

The name is derived from its moon-like appearance, and an association through history with the moon goddess.

Moonstone's other name, adularia , which comes from an early mining site in the Adula Mountains in Switzerland, gives rise to the term adularescence to describe its iridescent sheen...

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

In 100AD, the Romans were using moonstone in jewellery, and there are earlier examples still hailing from the Orient.

Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD), Roman historian, naturalist and author of the world's first encyclopaedia, referred to stones called astrions - meaning star-stones, thought now to have been moonstones. He described them as 'a colourless stone... (from India) having within it the appearance of a star shining brightly like the full moon.'

Sacred in ancient India, it was thought that if lovers placed it in their mouths during the full moon, then their futures would be revealed, and in the 11th century Europe, it was believed to bring about the reunion of lovers.

LEGEND HAS IT

Moonstone has been associated with moon goddesses through the ages, and is supposed to strengthen feminine qualities.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Myanmar
• Sri Lanka
• India
• Brazil
• Tanzania
• United States

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Colourless
• White
• Cream
• Yellow
• Peach

ANNIVERSARY STONES

2nd Anniversary

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

The renowned gem buyer George Kunz named this beautiful gemstone after his most affluent customer, the banker tycoon and gem enthusiast, John Pierpont Morgan.

A gem-quality beryl coloured by traces of manganese.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

The first morganite to be described was in 1911, after it was found in California alongside a tourmaline, in a deposit rich in kunzite and other gemstones. Before this point it was known simply as a pink beryl.

The largest faceted morganite is a 598.70-carat cushion-shape from Madagascar, which is in the collection of the British Museum.

LEGEND HAS IT

It can energise the heart chakra and help love to flow in your life.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Brazil
• United States
• South Africa
• Italy
• Madagascar

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Pink
• Rose-lilac
• Peach
• Orange

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Iridescent and durable, mother of pearl is mostly comprised of calcium carbonate (argonite) and is the hard layer of nacre, secreted by molluscs such as oysters, that lines the inside of their shells.

Around one in 10,000 oysters collected for mother-of-pearl contains a natural pearl.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Amongst one of the first materials used by ancient craftsmen for decorative purposes, it has been used for millennia for utensils, and ornamentation such as buttons and inlays.

Fine artefacts decorated with mother of pearl have been found in Turkey dating back to the early Bronze Age, in the Egyptian pyramids from around 4,500BC, and throughout the Ottoman and Mughal empires (to name but a few)...

One of the world's most striking buildings, the Taj Mahal is a veritable museum of precious and semi-precious stones, including mother of pearl.

LEGEND HAS IT

Considered calming and relaxing, mother of pearl can enhance personal integrity and provide focus.

Containing the gentle, peaceful healing energy of the sea, mother of pearl is symbolic of the healing light of the universe.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

Oceans and rivers around the world

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• White
• Gold
• Rainbow

ANNIVERSARY STONES

30th Anniversary

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

There are two different minerals that are usually called jade – jadeite and nephrite. A distinguishing difference is that jadeite often has a sugary texture and appears in numerous colours, whereas nephrite has a silky appearance and is available in a limited palette.

It was in 1863 that the two stones were recognized separately.

An ideal gemstone for carving, Nephrite is composed of a mat of tightly interlocking fibres, making it stronger than steel.

Dark green when iron rich, cream when magnesium rich.

The geologist A.G. Werner named it nephrite in 1780, from the Latin nephrus meaning 'kidney', as it was used to treat kidney disease in Europe.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Due to its toughness, Neolithic Europeans chose to fashion tools and weapons, and later carved ornaments.

The Chinese have been carving it for more than 3000 years and in ancient China, jade was called yuand was believed to embody yang, or cosmic energy. Taoists believed that jade guaranteed immortality, and by the first century AD it dominated Chinese court ritual and feudal systems.

In Chinese tradition it is associated with the five cardinal virtues: compassion, modesty, courage, justice, and wisdom.

LEGEND HAS IT

Jade is a stone of the heart and also has beneficial effects on heart related issues, including love and relationships.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Myanmar
• Guatemala
• Italy
• Russia
• United States

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• White
• Cream
• Light to dark green

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Derived from the Greek onux, meaning 'nail' or 'claw', the name is an allusion to its weak transparency.

All varieties of chalcedony, onyx is similar to agate, but has straight, rather than curved bands in brown and white, or black and white; sard is the brownish red variety, also similar to agate; sardonyx has the straight white bands of onyx and the brownish red of sard.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Legend says that while Venus was sleeping, Eros cut her fingernails and left the clippings scattered on the ground. As no part of a heavenly body should die, Moirae (the goddesses who controlled the destiny of everyone from the moment they were born until they died) turned these translucent clippings in to onyx.

Used by the Romans for a plethora of interiors, it was extremely popular carved in to seals and cameos.

In India, it is thought to help concentration levels in absentminded people, calm a chaotic life, and dampen the ardours of love.

LEGEND HAS IT

Onyx can assist with challenges in life, especially those caused by a drain of energy.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• India
• South America
• Madagascar

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Black
• White
• Brown
• Red

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

An amorphous structure (without shape), opals are formed in undisturbed cavities within rocks, where silica spheres slowly settle and arrange themselves in an orderly three-dimensional form. Unless all the factors in its formation are perfect, there is no colour play, which is caused by the diffraction of light through the spheres. The larger the spheres the greater the range in colour.

As a result of its amorphous structure, fossil bones and seashells have been unearthed in Australia, replaced by opal, and it is commonly found as fossilised wood, preserving the woods external appearance and cellular structure.

A hardened silica gel, it usually contains 5 to 10 per cent water in sub microscopic pores, as a result it may crack if it dries out. To combat this, it can sometimes be set between quartz in order to strengthen it.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Considered to provide great luck during the Middle Ages, it was believed to possess all the virtues of each of the gemstones whose colours were represented.

Until the late 19th century Slovakia was the primary source, but this changed after large deposits were found in Australia in 1887, including the rare and prized black opal.

LEGEND HAS IT

Known as a very spiritual stone, opal can help one be 'invisible' in situations where they don't care to be noticed, and it has been said to bring happy dreams, and ease the process of change.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Australia
• Brazil
• Slovakia
• Mexico
• South Africa
• United States

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Colourless
• White
• Yellow
• Orange
• Rose-red
• Black
• Blue

BIRTHSTONES

October

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

This unusual name is derived from the Sinhalese word meaning 'lotus blossom'.

A very rare, pinkish orange sapphire, it is the only variety of corundum, other than ruby to be given its own name – rather than a coloured sapphire.

Second only in diamond to hardness, this sapphire is coloured by traces of titanium oxide.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

The largest gemstone quality example known is oval cut and over 100 carats; it is currently residing in New York's American Museum of Natural History.

LEGEND HAS IT

Similar in colour to a setting sun, the padparadscha can help love flow in to your body.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

Sri Lanka

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

Pink-orange

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Peridot is one of the few gemstones to only occur in one colour.

The intensity and tint of this green gemstone dubbed 'emerald of the crusaders', depends on how much iron is contained in the crystal structure. As a result it varies from yellow-green through olive green and occasionally a brown hue which is caused by mica flakes.

Peridot can reach quite large sizes – the largest beinga cut Peridot of 319 carats in the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, USA.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

It has been mined as a gemstone for an estimated 5,000 years, in particular, on the island of Zagbargad, now known as Zebirget, in the Red Sea.

Beads were made by the Egyptians as early as 1580 – 1350BC, and it was considered a symbol of the sun from ancient times to the Middle Ages.

An early Greek manuscript says that it confers royal dignity on its bearer, and in the 11th century the French bishop, Marbodius, stated that to be protected from evil spirits, its owner should pierce a peridot and string it on the hair of an ass, before tying it around the left arm.

LEGEND HAS IT

Peridot can bring openness and acceptance to the intellectual pursuit in matters of love and relationships.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• China
• Pakistan
• United States
• Myanmar
• Brazil
• Sri Lanka
• Australia
• South Africa

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

Green

BIRTHSTONES

August

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Commonly found in cavities, geological evidence indicates that the gemstone develops in a very hot, mineral rich, spring environment. Australia's Northern Territory is estimated to have about 90% of the known prehnite deposits in the world.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Named after its discoverer, the Dutch Military Officer Hendrik von Prehn, this glorious green gemstone was unearthed in 1771 in the Cape of Good Hope, Africa.

LEGEND HAS IT

An accepting stone it is known as a stone of prophesy which stimulates inner knowing of oneself, and encourages analytical thinking while helping to dispel unpleasant memories.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Australia
• Germany
• Scotland
• South Africa

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Green
• Yellow
• Tan
• White

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Nicknamed 'fool's gold' due to its remarkably similar colour, pyrite has been used in jewellery for thousands of years.

From the Greek pyr meaning fire, as it emits sparks when struck with iron.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Examples have been discovered in prehistoric burial mounds, possibly due to its colour association with the sun.

Native Americans used polished slivers of this reflective gemstone as a mirror.

LEGEND HAS IT

Thought to be a gemstone of intellect and protection, pyrite can enhance ones mental stability, and memory, can help you to tap in to your own latent mental talents and abilities.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• South America
• Japan

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

Brass-yellow

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Garnet is widely known as a deep red gemstone, however its impact on fine jewellery is rarely known.

Available in a myriad of colours and varieties, notable garnets include: Almandine (red to purplish red), Pyrope (orange red, crimson, or dark red), Rhodolite (purplish red), Spessartite (Autumnal reds, oranges and browns), Demantoid (rich green) and Tsavorite (fine green) Garnet.

Garnet crystals can grow to enormous sizes – in 1996, a single crystal weighing 37.5 tons was found near Alice Springs, Northern Territory of Australia.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

From the Latin granatium which means pomegranate.

As with many gemstone names, those in the garnet family evolved from Greek taxonomy. The suffix -ite at the end of gem names such as tsavorite is derived from the Greek litho, meaning stone.

Famous for its prominent use in Victorian jewellery, where it was fashioned as 'roses', or cut in a dome-shaped form known as 'carbuncles'.

LEGEND HAS IT

Garnet is thought to be a stone of love and passion, awakening creativity, positive energy, and self-confidence.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Russia
• Brazil
• Sri Lanka
• Tanzania

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

All colours except blue

BIRTHSTONES

January

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

The largest of the gemstone families, quartz comes in a myriad of colours, shapes and sizes, a characteristic we think makes it perfect for jewellery.

Colourless and transparent quartz is the purest form of quartz. The spectrum of other colours arises when little amounts of impurities are added.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

The name quartz comes from the greek krustallos, meaning ice, because it was thought that quartz was ice formed by the gods.

Since the middle ages, crystal balls made from rock crystal have been used to predict the future.

LEGEND HAS IT

Quartz is thought to support conscious awakening, and enhance natural Extrasensory perception. It cleanses, detoxifies, protects, energizes and channels clear vibrant light and energy.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

World over

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Red (Carnelian)
• Pink (Rose)
• Yellow (Citrine)
• Green(Aventurine)
• Purple (Amethyst)
• Brown (Smoky)
• Clear (Rock Crystal)

ANNIVERSARY STONES

10th Anniversary

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Occurring in a myriad of colours, all Corundum is called Sapphire, with the exception of the red Ruby, and the extremely rare orange-pink padparadscha. It is traces of chromium that colour this mineral its rich red.

Ranging from deep to pale rose red, sometimes with a purple tinge, the most valued is the deepest red, known as 'pigeon's blood'.

Normally small stones, over 10 carats are incredibly rare as the presence of chromium has an inhibiting effect on crystal growth.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Mined in Sri Lanka since the 8th Century BC, ancient Hindu and Burmese miners believed that colourless or pale pink sapphires were rubies which were yet to ripen.

Rubies are an important symbol for Islam, as on his expulsion from paradise and arrival in mecca, Adam was shown a ruby canopy, over which he built the Ka'bah – now a main Muslim shrine.

The Black Prince's Ruby, now in the Imperial State Crown of England, and part of the crown jewels since 1367, was discovered to be a spinel in the 19th century.

LEGEND HAS IT

In classical antiquity rubies were thought to banish sorrow, restrain lust, and resist poison. Due to its colour association with blood, it was often used in the preparation of medicines to staunch bleeding.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Myanmar
• Thailand
• Sri Lanka

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

Red

ANNIVERSARY STONES

40th Anniversary

BIRTHSTONES

July

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

The largest of the gemstone families, quartz comes in a myriad of colours, shapes and sizes, a characteristic we think makes it perfect for jewellery.

Colourless and transparent quartz is the purest form of quartz. The spectrum of other colours arises when little amounts of impurities are added.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

The name quartz comes from the greek krustallos, meaning ice, because it was thought that quartz was ice formed by the gods.

Since the middle ages, crystal balls made from rock crystal have been used to predict the future.

LEGEND HAS IT

Quartz is thought to support conscious awakening, and enhance natural Extrasensory perception. It cleanses, detoxifies, protects, energizes and channels clear vibrant light and energy.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

World over

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Red (Carnelian)
• Pink (Rose)
• Yellow (Citrine)
• Green(Aventurine)
• Purple (Amethyst)
• Brown (Smoky)
• Clear (Rock Crystal)

ANNIVERSARY STONES

10th Anniversary

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

The ancient Persians believed that the Earth rested on an enormous sapphire, and it was the reflection that coloured the sky.

Occurring in a myriad of colours, all Corundum is called Sapphire, with the exception of the red Ruby, and the extremely rare orange-pink padparadscha. The term sapphire is usually associated with the colour blue, so it is fair to assume that all historic references relate to the blue gemstone.

Next to diamond, sapphire is the hardest mineral on earth.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

In ancient Greece and later in the middle ages there was a belief that sapphire cured eye disease and set prisoners free.

Worn by royalty throughout the ages, sapphires were considered a symbol of good fortune, virtue, wisdom and holiness.

For gemstones that are shrouded in mystery, the sapphire is majestically infamous. At 536 carats, the 'Star of India' is the largest known star sapphire. Donated to the American Museum of Natural History by the banker J.P. Morgan, it was stolen by the infamous Jack Murphy, Murph the Surf. Recovered two months later, it is one of the more famous gemstones. Currently displayed in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, the Logan Sapphire is 423 carats, and the largest known faceted sapphire.

Currently the most popular gemstone for an engagement ring, perhaps the most famous engagement ring is the 12 carat Ceylon sapphire ring, originally belonging to the late Diana, Princess of Wales, and now the Duchess of Cambridge.

LEGEND HAS IT

Blue is a wonderful meditation tool which can help with translating the meaning of messages received, sapphires are thought to expand awareness.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Myanmar
• Sri Lanka
• India

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

All colours except red

ANNIVERSARY STONES

55th Anniversary

BIRTHSTONES

September

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

The largest of the gemstone families, quartz comes in a myriad of colours, shapes and sizes, a characteristic we think makes it perfect for jewellery.

Colourless and transparent quartz is the purest form of quartz. The spectrum of other colours arises when little amounts of impurities are added.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

The name quartz comes from the greek krustallos, meaning ice, because it was thought that quartz was ice formed by the gods.

Since the middle ages, crystal balls made from rock crystal have been used to predict the future.

LEGEND HAS IT

Quartz is thought to support conscious awakening, and enhance natural Extrasensory perception. It cleanses, detoxifies, protects, energizes and channels clear vibrant light and energy.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

World over

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Red (Carnelian)
• Pink (Rose)
• Yellow (Citrine)
• Green(Aventurine)
• Purple (Amethyst)
• Brown (Smoky)
• Clear (Rock Crystal)

ANNIVERSARY STONES

10th Anniversary

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Valued now in its own right, the spinel's wonderful brilliance and range of colours has made it a favourite here at Astley Clarke.

Both part of the British Crown Jewels, the 'Timur Ruby' and the 'Black Princes Ruby' were discovered in the 19th century to be spinel rather than ruby.

One way to differentiate spinel from other stones is that it possesses no electrical properties when subjected to heat, yet ruby and garnet do. Spinel has an amazingly high melting point of 2135 degrees Celsius.

From the Latin spinella, meaning little thorn, it is thought to be a reference to the sharp points on the octahedral.

The gemstone can be transparent to almost opaque, and as with most gemstones, the different colours are due to the different impurities.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

The earliest known gem spinel dates from 100BC and was discovered in a Buddhist tomb near Kabul, Afghanistan.

LEGEND HAS IT

It is said to clarify thoughts and creative ideas, as well as attract the help required for any given situation.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Myanmar
• Sri Lanka
• Madagascar

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Red
• Yellow
• Orange-red
• Blue
• Green
• Violet
• Brown
• Black

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Also known under the trade names of 'Royal Lavulite' and 'Royal Azel'.

The pale pink to purple colouration is caused by traces of manganese.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Named after its co-discoverer, the Japanese petrologist Ken-ici Sugi, it was unearthed in 1944, although it was not recognized as a mineral until 1976.

The most significant find was in 1975 in the Kalahari Desert, in northern Africa.

LEGEND HAS IT

It is thought to strengthen the heart, aid physical healing and reduce stress. As a balancer of mind, body and spirit sugilite encourages peace of mind, a general feeling of wellbeing and spiritual love.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Canada
• Japan
• South Africa
• Italy

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Pink
• Purple

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Becoming more violet in incandescent light, tanzanite has been compared to the lavender eyes of Elizabeth Taylor.

It displays distinct pleochroism, showing grey, blue and purple depending from which angle it's viewed.

Sometimes mistaken for sapphire, this dark blue variety of Zoisite, is coloured blue from traces of vanadium.

In its natural form, it is most commonly a dull brown colour, however, when heated to around 600 degrees Celsius it changes to its vibrant blue or purple colour.

A 122.7 carat tanzanite specimen named 'The Midnight Blue' is on display in the Smithsonian's Museum of Natural History.

80% of all tanzanite mined is shipped to the United States, where it is the most popular coloured gemstone after sapphire.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Discovered in 1967, it is found almost entirely in Tanzania, a fact that is looked upon as both a blessing and a curse.

It is believed that it was originally discovered by Masai cattle herders after they noticed that previously brown crystals had been turned blue after being exposed to the intense heat brought about by fires and lightning strikes.

The Masai believe it to be the stone of birth, frequently giving their wives Tanzanite gemstones following the birth of their first child.

LEGEND HAS IT

An excellent stone for meditation, tanzanite can help increase spiritual awareness and make you more sensitive to experiences.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Tanzania
• Pakistan

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

Blue

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

The largest of the gemstone families, quartz comes in a myriad of colours, shapes and sizes, a characteristic we think makes it perfect for jewellery.

Colourless and transparent quartz is the purest form of quartz. The spectrum of other colours arises when little amounts of impurities are added.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

The name quartz comes from the greek krustallos, meaning ice, because it was thought that quartz was ice formed by the gods.

Since the middle ages, crystal balls made from rock crystal have been used to predict the future.

LEGEND HAS IT

Quartz is thought to support conscious awakening, and enhance natural Extrasensory perception. It cleanses, detoxifies, protects, energizes and channels clear vibrant light and energy.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

World over

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Red (Carnelian)
• Pink (Rose)
• Yellow (Citrine)
• Green(Aventurine)
• Purple (Amethyst)
• Brown (Smoky)
• Clear (Rock Crystal)

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

In the 17th century, the 1,640 carats Braganza diamond, which was set in the Portuguese crown, was thought to be the biggest diamond ever found. It is now believed to have been a colourless topaz.

Producing the largest crystal, weighing 271kg, Minas Gerais in Brazil, is the world's largest source of topaz.

Deep golden yellow and pink topaz are considered the most valuable type of topaz.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

The name has a dispute to origins, deriving either from the legendary island of Topazios, an island off the coast of Egypt now called Zebirget, or from the Sanskrit tapaz, meaning fire. Irrespective of this, it is now believed that the topaz we know today was in fact not known to the ancients, but that references to the name topazos were in fact peridot.

LEGEND HAS IT

November's birthstone, we think topaz jewellery should be given to mark a 15th wedding anniversary, or traditionally to mark a 23rd Wedding Anniversary.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Brazil
• United States
• Sri Lanka
• Burma
• Russia
• Africa

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Golden yellow
• Pink
• Green
• Blue
• Clear

ANNIVERSARY STONES

15th Anniversary

BIRTHSTONES

November

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Tourmaline is one of the more scientifically interesting minerals and, as a gemstone, surpasses all others with its range of colour.

The name comes from the Singhalese word turamali, meaning 'gem pebbles', and as they are resistant to weathering, they often accumulate in gravel deposits.

Emerald-green is very rare and until the 18th century was often confused with emerald.

Most dramatic examples are 'watermelon' tourmalines which, when sliced across the crystal show a pink centre surrounded by green, or pink at one end and green at the other.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

A pink tourmaline cabochon has been discovered set in a gold ring of Nordic origin, dating from around 1000AD.

LEGEND HAS IT

Considered by many to be the birthstone for October, tourmaline can be given to mark an 8th Wedding Anniversary.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Brazil
• Africa
• United States
• Mozambique
• Afghanistan
• Russia

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Blue
• Pink
• Red
• Green
• Yellow
• Black
• Brown

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

One of the first gemstones to be mined, it has been prized through history for its intense colour which varies from sky blue to green depending on the quantities of copper and iron present.

Sky-blue turquoise from Iran is considered the most desirable, although in Tibet a greener variety is preferred.

It was believed to warn its wearer of danger or illness by changing colour – not highly improbable as due to its porous nature, when worn next to the skin, it can absorb oils and change colour.

It was introduced from Persia to Europe through Turkey, hence its name which is derived from the word 'Turkish'. It was the national gemstone of Persia, and was believed to bring good luck if the New Moon was reflected on a piece.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Beads dating from around 5000BC have been found in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq).

Records show that Native Americans have worked with turquoise in the south-western states since 1000AD, and that it has been mined in Persia (Iran) and Egypt for the last 3000 years.

LEGEND HAS IT

One of the oldest protection amulets, turquoise is thought to provide strength and peace, and sensitivity to the spiritual world.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Iran
• Tibet
• Africa
• Afghanistan
• Australia

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Blue
• Green

ANNIVERSARY STONES

4th Anniversary

BIRTHSTONES

December

LESSER KNOWN FACTS

Zircon can be used to date rocks, as the crystals are extremely hard, resistant to chemical and physical change and survive in many types of rocks. Scientists are able to determine how much decay has taken place, estimate the age of the zircon and therefore the rock.

It can be distinguished from diamonds by its double refraction and from wear around its facets. When impurities are present it produces yellow, orange, red, blue and brown gemstones.

The name is derived from the Arabic zargun, derived in turn from the Persian zar for 'gold' andgun for colour.

HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

Mined for over 2000 years in gem gravels of Sri Lanka, Zircon was used as a gemstone in Greece and Italy as far back as 6AD.

LEGEND HAS IT

In the East it was considered an amulet for travellers, and believed that wearing Zircon endowed the wearer with wisdom, honour and riches. A loss of lustre was said to warn of danger.

WHERE IN THE WORLD

• Sri Lanka
• Thailand
• Myanmar
• Australia
• New Zealand

MOHS HARDNESS

COLOUR

• Colourless
• Red
• Orange
• Yellow
• Blue
• Green
• Brown